We have Schrödinger’s comments in mind when constructing the physical picture about neurons, that we must be very careful. We must not use the ’ordinary’ laws of physics derived for non-living matter without revisiting them because ”the construction is different from anything we have yet tested in the physical laboratory” [12]. Although the discussion requires deep knowledge in science, in this section the discussion remains on the surface and provides a holistic picture about the model. The deeper layers are explained in the next sections. We hope the essence can be understood with knowing only the elements of science and physiology. However, the open mind is required already in this section. The fundamental principles are the same, but we must use different approximations and abstractions for the different disciplines of science and for living matter. For this reason, maybe it is more correct to call those laws for living matter ’non-disciplinary’ instead of ’non-ordinary’ laws.
We must also include the discoveries from the past seven decades, among others, that a component AIS can be found between the neuron’s membrane and the axon. It is observed that AIS has a crucial role in creating the AP, but that role has not been integrated into the existing theories. As a consequence, in the transient state, a neuron shall be modeled as a serial (i.e., differentiator-type) electrical oscillator, which has gated current inputs (instead of a parallel oscillator without gating its inputs, which is a good model only in the static view of the resting state) and provides a timed output. We explicitly add that the charge carriers, the neuron works with, are ions (instead of electrons) and that the signal propagation mechanism is bioelectric (instead of purely an electrical or mechanical wave or ”protein mechanism”), in many cases even without having free carriers in the respective volume. (We do not consider the ideas that the associated mechanical, optical, etc. changes cause electric phenomena. They reverse the true causality: they do not have a triggering cause; the view inherited from the narrative biology.) Electrochemical operation, especially that of semipermeable membranes, requires special attention: charge carriers are ”created” inside the biological matter. Omitting purposefully the clear physical background results in performing wrong measurements and introducing wrong concepts into biology.