Specific chemical substances can naturally hold either a positive or negative electrical charge and react to their micro-, macro-, electrical and thermodynamic environments. A molecule has internal electrical forces that keep its ions in place, so it has two charge centers (dipoles). When another dipole or a macroscopic external electrical field (which can be of electrical or chemical origin) appears near the molecule, its perturbing effect can affect the relation of the ions to each other. The two charge centers initially increase their distance (the molecule polarizes). When that disturbance is strong enough, the ions can entirely separate (the molecule ionizes). The local electrical field fluctuates, so their state is dynamic: the molecules dissociate, and the free ions recombine. Depending on their environment, the substances can exist in base, ionized, and polarized states (and behaviors). The local electrical field fluctuates, so their state is dynamic: molecules dissociate, and free ions recombine. Furthermore, the process also plays an important role in the energy supply of neurons: the strong electric field near the membrane hydrolyzes Adenozine Triphosphate (ATP) molecules, and moves ions to the ”condenser plates”, thereby accumulating ”potential energy”. (The claim that the ions pass through ion channels by using ”downhill method” does not use energy, is wrong: they are accelerated by the condenser’s field and consume energy in that way.) Depending on their environment, substances can exist in base, ionized, and polarized states (and exhibit corresponding behaviors).
In biological cells, a small portion (approximately part) of the molecules dissociates (i.e., the ions separate from their counterparts with opposite charges), and they move freely within the volume. In other words, the electrolyte liquid can then conduct electricity due to the mobility of the positive and negative ions. Notice, however, that, unlike the electrons in solids, the ions do not form a ”free electron cloud”: they must move ”in person”, that is they deliver charge with the speed of the carrier. The rest of the molecules can be more or less polarized, allowing for the possibility of producing an internal electrical field in the solution. Here comes into the picture that in the biological structures, the ions are in a closed space and counterforces may exert on them. When a mechanical counterforce does not keep back an ion, it moves out from a space where electrical or thermodynamic gradient is present. That is, near biological objects that are charged and inside them, in a balanced state, no freely moving ions can be present.
The cellular thermoelectrical phenomena are very complex, and it is not a simple task to choose which physical/chemical effects can be omitted so that their omission does not prevent us from explaining physiological phenomena. When ions are contained in a closed volume, they exist in a state of thermal and electrical equilibrium. In the absence of external influences (that includes the lack of a separating membrane), both gradients are balanced and are at zero. When this state is perturbed, the system attempts to find a new balanced state, using temporal processes. In this scenario, the ’carrier’ - the ion - can be influenced by two different types of interactions, each represented by a distinct abstraction in these processes. In this section we discover some conditions how electrical charges in electrolytes, furthermore, electrical and thermodynamic processes (excluding biochemical details) cooperate for concerting processes commonly called ’life’. We discuss that those phenomena are not against the laws of science, only against discussing them in terms of a single grasped science discipline. Simply, the structures in living matter shall be discussed at another abstraction level, and those structures need deriving and applying ’non-ordinary’ laws of science. More precisely, we must discuss them in a non-disciplinary way, due to that the participating ions belong simultaneously to the disciplines electricity and thermodynamics. When measuring them, we must consider that ”the construction is different from anything we have yet tested in the physical laboratory”. Actually, ions’ behavior is not different; the environment (”the construction”) is different; see section 2.4.1. Fundamentally, due to mixing interaction speeds, considering only one of the interactions (the disciplinary discussion) leads to wrong conclusions.
We discover that in segmented electrolytes, the interplay of disciplines, especially if the segments have largely different concentrations, produce very thin but important layers, which, by using ’Maxwell’s-demon’-like objects, produce self-contained phenomena known as ’signs of life’ in biology. Furthermore, the features of living matter may change during measuring them (by their internal laws) in a way usual in physics laboratories. Given that, in many cases, inappropriate physical principles, notions, and methods are used in measuring and modeling neurons, we need to discuss the true physics (the correct approximations, valid in cross-disciplinary approach) behind biological phenomena.